Gross MarginvsCAC Payback Period

Gross margin is the percentage of revenue left after subtracting the direct costs of delivering your product (Cost of Goods Sold / COGS). For SaaS, COGS includes hosting, customer support, and payment processing — typically leaving 70-85% gross margins. For e-commerce, COGS includes product costs, shipping, and packaging — typically 30-50% margins. Gross margin determines how much money you have to invest in growth (sales, marketing, R&D). A SaaS company with 80% gross margins has $0.80 per revenue dollar for growth; a hardware company with 30% margins has only $0.30.

The CAC Payback Period is how many months it takes for a customer to generate enough gross profit to cover the cost of acquiring them. It measures how quickly your business recoups its marketing investment. Formula: CAC ÷ (ARPU × Gross Margin). If your CAC is $600, ARPU is $100/month, and gross margin is 80%, payback = $600 ÷ ($100 × 0.80) = 7.5 months. VCs care about this as much as LTV:CAC because it determines your cash efficiency — a business with 3-month payback can reinvest acquisition dollars 4x per year, while a 12-month payback business can only reinvest once.

The trap is miscategorizing expenses to inflate gross margin. Some companies exclude customer success, onboarding, or infrastructure costs from COGS to make gross margins look SaaS-like (75%+) when they're really services businesses (50-60%). VCs see through this immediately. If your 'SaaS' has 55% gross margins, you're not a SaaS company — you're a services company with a software wrapper. The valuation difference is 3-5x.

Bootstrapped founders with a payback period longer than 12 months will run out of cash before their customers become profitable. This is the #1 reason capital-efficient SaaS companies die — they acquire customers they can't afford to wait on. The second trap: ignoring that payback period should be calculated on CASH economics, not accrual. If you pay for ads today but customers pay monthly, your cash payback is always longer than your accounting payback.

Calculate gross margin honestly: include ALL costs directly related to delivering your product to one more customer. For SaaS: hosting/infrastructure, payment processing, customer support, DevOps. Formula: Gross Margin = (Revenue − COGS) ÷ Revenue × 100. Target: 70%+ for SaaS, 50%+ for marketplace, 30%+ for e-commerce. Track monthly and investigate any decline — it usually means infrastructure costs are scaling faster than revenue.

Calculate: Payback Period = CAC ÷ (ARPU × Gross Margin). Target: under 12 months for bootstrapped, under 18 months for VC-backed. If payback exceeds these thresholds, either reduce CAC (cheaper channels), increase ARPU (pricing), or improve gross margin (lower costs). Also model payback by cohort — if it's increasing over time, you're acquiring worse-quality customers each month.